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Keanekaragaman dan Kelimpahan Semut sebagai Predator Hama Tanaman Padi di Lahan Sawah Organik dan Anorganik Kecamatan Karanganom Kabupaten Klaten
Abstrak
Semut berpotensi sebagai predator yang menjadi musuh alami serangga hama di lahan sawah dengan pertanaman padi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan semut, peranan semut, populasi semut, dan pengaruh faktor fisik dan kimia di lahan sawah organik dan anorganik. Pengambilan sampel semut menggunakan metode pit fall trap dengan umpan serangga hama, daging ikan, dan larutan gula. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah jenis dan jumlah individu di lahan sawah organik lebih tinggi (429 individu, 11 jenis) dibandingkan dengan sawah anorganik (193 individu, 10 jenis). Secara umum, indeks keanekaragaman di lahan sawah organik lebih tinggi (berkisar antara 0,73-1,65) dibandingkan dengan lahan sawah anorganik (berkisar antara 0-1,28). Indeks kemerataan di lahan sawah organik berkisar antara 0,63-0,99 (merata), sedangkan di lahan sawah anorganik berkisar antara 0-0,99 (tidak merata hingga merata). Semut yang dominan di lahan sawah organik yaitu Camponotus sp, Solenopsis geminata, Anoplolepis gracilipes, dan Paratrechina longicornis, sedangkan di lahan sawah anorganik yaitu Tapinoma sp, Solenopsis geminata, dan Camponotus sp. Indeks kesamaan antara lahan sawah organik dan anorganik menunjukkan tingkat kesamaan yang tinggi dan sangat tinggi berdasarkan tipe umpan. Faktor fisik lingkungan kelembaban tanah dan udara, suhu tanah dan udara yang tinggi meningkatkan keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan semut di ekosistem sawah. Faktor lingkungan pH tanah yang sesuai dengan pertumbuhan Arthropoda tanah yaitu netral atau sedikit asam. Faktor kimia lingkungan kandungan bahan organik, kandungan Nitrogen (N), kandungan C-organik, dan kandungan P total yang tinggi meningkatkan keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan semut.
Kata kunci : keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan, semut, sawah organik dan anorganik, faktor fisik dan kimia
Abstract
Ants potentially as predators that become natural enemies of insect pests in rice fields with paddy cultivation. This study aims to know the diversity and abundance of ants, the role of ants, the population of ants, and the influence of physical and chemical factors in organic and inorganic rice fields. The ants were collected using pit fall trap method with insect bait, fish meat, and sugar solution. The results showed that the number of species and the number of individuals in organic rice fields was higher (429 individuals, 11 species) than inorganic rice fields (193 individuals, 10 species). In general, the index of diversity in organic rice fields was higher (ranging from 0.73 to 1.65) compared to inorganic rice fields (ranging from 0 to 1.28). The index of evenness in organic rice fields ranged from 0.63 to 0.99 (evenly distributed), whereas in inorganic rice fields ranged from 0 to 0.99 (uneven until evenly distributed). The dominant ants in organic rice fields were Camponotus sp, Solenopsis geminata, Anoplolepis gracilipes, and Paratrechina longicornis, whereas in the inorganic rice fields were Tapinoma sp, Solenopsis geminata, and Camponotus sp. The index of similarity between organic and inorganic rice fields showed a high and very high degree of similarity based on the type of feed. Physical factors of high soil and air humidity environment, high soil and air temperature increased the diversity and abundance of ants in the rice fields ecosystem. Factors soil pH in accordance with the growth of soil Arthropods were neutral or slightly acidic. Chemical factors of organic matter content, Nitrogen (N), the content of C organic, and a high P total content increased the diversity and abundance of ants.
Keywords: diversity and abundance, ants, organic and inorganic rice fields, physical and chemical factors
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